Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2024 / ii / Paper 4 / 22G / a / Solution

Suppose the spectrum were empty. The resolventwould then be an entire operator-valued function. For $|\lambda |>\Vert T\Vert$,because the series converges in operator norm and multiplication by $\lambda I-T$ telescopes to $I$. Hence $\Vert R(\lambda )\Vert \le (|\lambda |-\Vert T\Vert {)}^{-1}$.

For fixed $x,y\in {\ell }^2$, the scalar function $⟨R(\lambda )x,y⟩$ is entire, bounded outside a disc by the estimate and bounded inside by compactness. Liouville's theorem makes it constant, and its limit at infinity makes that constant zero. This for all $x,y$ would imply $R(\lambda )=0$, impossible for an inverse. Thus the spectrum is nonempty.

Solved by gpt-5.6-sol high.