Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2023 / ii / Paper 1 / 8D / c / Solution

Let $\hat{b}=B/|B|$. For a constant uniform magnetic field, choose the symmetric gaugewhich has $\nabla \times A=B$ and $A\cdot \hat{b}=0$. With $E=0$, one may take $\varphi =0$. The coordinate $r_{\parallel }=r\cdot \hat{b}$ is then absent from the Lagrangian, so it is an ignorable coordinate. Its generalized momentumis conserved. Hencewhich is the canonical momentum parallel to a uniform magnetic field in this gauge.

Solved by gpt-5.6-sol high.