Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2022 / ii / Paper 1 / 32B / a / Solution

For the unperturbed Hamiltonian system, choose a conserved energy $H(x,y)$. Along the perturbed system,The energy balance method integrates this expression around each unperturbed periodic orbit. A zero of the resulting $O(\epsilon )$ energy change is a necessary leading-order condition for a nearby periodic orbit. A simple zero at which the drift changes from positive inside to negative outside predicts a stable orbit; the opposite change predicts an unstable one.

Solved by gpt-5.6-sol high.