Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2021 / ii / Paper 4 / 9B / b / Solution

Observed stellar velocities estimate $T$, while visible mass and size predict $V$. Galaxies and clusters often have far more kinetic energy than luminous matter can bind under the virial theorem. The additional gravitational potential is evidence for unseen dark matter.

Solved by gpt-5.6-sol high.