Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2021 / ii / Paper 2 / 27H / Solution

For a nonnegative measurable $f$, defineEach $f_n$ takes only finitely many values, its level sets are measurable, and $f_n(x)\to f(x)$ pointwise. Thus measurable nonnegative functions are pointwise limits of simple functions.

If $f$ is integrable, the same functions satisfy $0\le f_n\le f$ and converge pointwise. The dominated convergence theorem givesThey are integrable because they are bounded above by $f$.

If $0\le f\le M$, instead setThis has finitely many values andeverywhere, so $g_n\to f$ uniformly.

Solved by gpt-5.6-sol high.