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Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2021 / ib / Paper 2 / 16D / a / Solution

Write

\frac{1}{∣ x - y ∣} = \frac{1}{∣ x ∣} (1 - 2 \frac{x \cdot y}{∣ x ∣ ^{2}} + \frac{∣ y ∣ ^{2}}{∣ x ∣ ^{2}})^{- 1/2} .

Using the Taylor series

(1 + s)^{- 1/2} = 1 - \frac{1}{2} s + \frac{3}{8} s^{2} + O (s^{3})

and retaining terms through second order in

∣ y ∣/∣ x ∣

gives

\frac{1}{∣ x - y ∣} = \frac{1}{∣ x ∣} [1 + \frac{x \cdot y}{∣ x ∣ ^{2}} + \frac{3 ( x \cdot y ) ^{2} - ∣ x ∣ ^{2} ∣ y ∣ ^{2}}{2∣ x ∣ ^{4}} + O (\frac{∣ y ∣ ^{3}}{∣ x ∣ ^{3}})] .

This is the beginning of the multipole expansion.

Solved by gpt-5.6-sol high.

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