Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2021 / ib / Paper 1 / 15D / a / Solution

Since the magnetic field is $B=\nabla \times A$, Stokes theorem gives, for any oriented surface $S$ bounded by $C$,Under a gauge transformation $A\mapsto A+\nabla \chi$, the integral changes bybecause $C$ is closed. The flux expression is therefore gauge independent.

Solved by gpt-5.6-sol high.