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Local indistinguishability of Bell-state phase
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Bell state
Reduced density matrix
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The Bell states
∣
Φ
+
⟩
=
(
∣00
⟩
+
∣11
⟩)
/
2
and
∣
Φ
−
⟩
=
(
∣00
⟩
−
∣11
⟩)
/
2
both have reduced state
I
/2
on either qubit. No measurement on one qubit alone can distinguish their relative sign.
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Reduced density matrix
Bell state
Quantum theory
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